![]() ![]() Of them, the N and PAZ domains are connected by Linker 1 (L1) and the rest two connected by Linker 2 (L2). These findings are expanding our understanding of the role of Argonaute proteins beyond gene silencing.Īrgonaute protein architecture, post-transcriptional modifications and functions Generally, Argonaute proteins contain four domains, including N, PAZ, MID and PIWI. In addition, Argonaute proteins are also closely associated with some human cancer. Meanwhile, it also was reported that Argonaute proteins were able to be localized into the nucleus, where engaged in remodeling chromatins through histone modification, DNA methylation, alternative splicing of precursor mRNA, and double-strand DNA break repair processes,. In the process of target recognition, Ago proteins can bypass secondary structure and protein barriers to diffuse along the substrate and effectively scan a canonical target through loose protein-nucleic acid interactions and intersegmental transfer. These complexes not only involve in small RNA biogenesis by Drosha/DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8 (DGCR8)-dependent or -independent pathways, but also provide anchor sites for small RNA to regulate gene expression in cytoplasm. Īrgonaute proteins constitute a main component of the small RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISCs) with small RNAs and/or additional proteins by direct or indirect binding, including Dicer, glycine/tryptophan (GW) repeats-containing 182 protein, heat shock proteins 70/90 (Hsp70/Hsp90) and so on,. For instance, there exist 8 different Argonaute proteins in human beings, including 4 Ago proteins and 4 PIWI proteins, while there are 27 Argonaute proteins in Caenorhabditis elegans. However, the amount of Argonaute proteins in each organism is considerably different. For example, almost all eAgos and most pAgos guide small RNA to regulate gene-silencing, ,, while a small part of pAgos utilize DNA as a guide,. However, the structural differences of Argonaute proteins render them to have distinct functions. Both eAgos and pAgos with catalytic activity have the similar catalytic cycle, mainly including guide binding, target recognition and annealing, and target cleavage and release. Note: miRNA: microRNA eAgos: eukaryotic Argonaute proteins siRNA: small interfering RNA piRNA: P-element-induced wimpy testis (PIWI)-interacting RNA pAgos: prokaryotic Argonaute proteins ssDNA: single-stranded DNA.Įukaryotic Argonaute proteins (eAgos) and prokaryotic Argonaute proteins (pAgos) have very low sequence homology, but their overall architecture and functions are extremely conserved in almost all organisms. ![]()
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